Laser standard with range of reproducing of lengths from 1 to 10м in boundary layer of atmosphere

Laser standard of length in the field of large lengths. The range of recreation from 1 to 10 meters. Total relative uncertainty of measuring on k=2 is 10 meters. Work on creation of laser standard with the range of reproducing of lengths from 24 to 10 3 m were begun an author in 80th of past century in the former «Scientific Production amalgamation «Metrology». A necessity for such standard was related to creation in the USSR of the high-fidelity microwave and quantum systems of the trajectory measurings [1]. Analogical researches on creation of laser standards of length at that time were conducted in German federal REPUBLIC [2] and Japan [3]. Basis of standards [1-3] was a helium-neon laser with excitation of transition 3S22P4 by a direct current and resonator, providing Temooq type of vibrations. For the increase of instrumental exactness of measurings and expansion of range of reproducing of lengths a laser standard in the National scientific center «Institute of metrology» there were low-noise twofrequency helium-neon lasers with excitation of basic transition the transversal microwave field 3S2-2P4 and weakly radiative transition 3S2-2P10 neon in helium-neon plasma [4]. Original appearance of such lasers is rotined on Figure 1. A laser active element (LAE) is a glass tube 1 (Figure. 2) into which a capillary is 2, and on the outward surface of tube two metallic strips are placed 3, formative the segment of flat line. Use A4 paper size (210 x 297 mm) and adjust the margins to those shown in Table 1. The final printed area will be 172 x 252 mm. Figure 1. Helium-neon laser with microwave excitation. Figure 2. Model of helium-neon laser for electrodynamic researches Excited strip line the microwave field generates helium-neon plasma, by the being lasant of LAE. All of foregoing elements are placed in the metallic casing – 4, formative the corps of laser, to the butt ends of which mirrors, formative an optical resonator, are fastened. As a result, in the examined task a laser is a cylindrical resonator, loaded with a strip line, glass dielectric and plasma. For the decision of task suppose an inductivity complex, that ε ε ε = + i , and metallic details – ideally conducting. Butt ends of the system – metallic. Utillizing equalization of Maxwell, will complement their scope terms for electric E and magnetic H of the fields. The tangential components of E and H on metallic surfaces are equal to the zero, and on the scopes of dielectric environments – continuous. A task is decided in the cylindrical system of co-ordinates, at which the ax of z coincides with the ax of the system, and plane, proper φ = 0 passes through the ax of z and middle of electrodes of полосковой line. Suppose ≈ temporal dependence of the electromagnetic fields ≈ е iωt . An electrodynamic task is decided the method of frequency areas [4]. For the radius of plasma of rβ = 0,5 mm, radius of полосковой line of rs = 4 mm, internal radius of resonator of rk (corps of laser) 20 mm and length of resonator of l = 300 mm the followings descriptions are got: • calculation resonance frequency of 4,96·10 8 Hz; DOI: 10.1051/ C © Owned by the authors, published by EDP Sciences, 2013 201 / 06015 (2013) 306015 16 th metrology International Congress of Metrology, This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 2 0 , which . permits unrestricted use, distributi and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. on, Article available at http://cfmetrologie.edpsciences.org or http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metrology/201306015

Abstract.Laser standard of length in the field of large lengths.The range of recreation from 1 to 10 3 meters.Total relative uncertainty of measuring on k=2 is 10 -7 meters.
Work on creation of laser standard with the range of reproducing of lengths from 24 to 10 3 m were begun an author in 80th of past century in the former «Scientific Production amalgamation «Metrology».A necessity for such standard was related to creation in the USSR of the high-fidelity microwave and quantum systems of the trajectory measurings [1].
Analogical researches on creation of laser standards of length at that time were conducted in German federal REPUBLIC [2] and Japan [3].Basis of standards [1][2][3] was a helium-neon laser with excitation of transition 3S 2 -2P 4 by a direct current and resonator, providing Tem ooq type of vibrations.
For the increase of instrumental exactness of measurings and expansion of range of reproducing of lengths a laser standard in the National scientific center «Institute of metrology» there were low-noise twofrequency helium-neon lasers with excitation of basic transition the transversal microwave field 3S2-2P4 and weakly radiative transition 3S 2 -2P 10 neon in helium-neon plasma [4].
Original appearance of such lasers is rotined on Figure 1.A laser active element (LAE) is a glass tube 1 (Figure .2) into which a capillary is 2, and on the outward surface of tube two metallic strips are placed 3, formative the segment of flat line.
Use A4 paper size (210 x 297 mm) and adjust the margins to those shown in Table 1.The final printed area will be 172 x 252 mm.All of foregoing elements are placed in the metallic casing -4, formative the corps of laser, to the butt ends of which mirrors, formative an optical resonator, are fastened.As a result, in the examined task a laser is a cylindrical resonator, loaded with a strip line, glass dielectric and plasma.
For the decision of task suppose an inductivity complex, that ε ε ε = + i , and metallic details -ideally conducting.Butt ends of the system -metallic.Utillizing equalization of Maxwell, will complement their scope terms for electric E and magnetic H of the fields.The tangential components of E and H on metallic surfaces are equal to the zero, and on the scopes of dielectric environments -continuous.A task is decided in the cylindrical system of co-ordinates, at which the ax of z coincides with the ax of the system, and plane, proper ϕ = 0 passes through the ax of z and middle of electrodes of полосковой line.Suppose ≈ temporal dependence of the electromagnetic fields ≈ е iωt .An electrodynamic task is decided the method of frequency areas [4].
For the radius of plasma of r β = 0,5 mm, radius of полосковой line of r s = 4 mm, internal radius of resonator of r k (corps of laser) 20 mm and length of resonator of l = 300 mm the followings descriptions are got:  For setting of laser element, fastenings of mirrors and piezoelectric ceramics PP-4 the special corps, executed from an invar (N-36) and having titanic (WT-1) scray of the linear measurings of his length at measuring ambient temperatures, described in [4].
Such descriptions have mirrors of optical resonator: R1=0,50909 m, G1=0,997, R2=0,446 m, G2=0,98; attitude of pressure of isotopes of 3He toward pressure of isotopes of 20Ne is equal 7:1 at general pressure of working mixture of 2,5 mm mercury column experimental researches in NSC «Institute of metrology» was created new helium-neon laser with microwave excitation (µWE) for the laser standard of length, measuring the followings technical descriptions: • wave-length radiation of 0,6328 µm; • power of radiation from a working output more than 1,0 mW; • power of radiation from a managing output no less than 0,1 mW; • transversal type of oscillation of TEM 00q ; • divergence no more than 2,5•10 -3 rad; • a basic value of разностной frequency is 499,5 MHz; • range of mechanical alteration of разностной frequency no less ± 1,5 МHz; • range of electric alteration no less than 100 кHz; • a relation is сигнал\ noise of order of 2•10 3 ; • feed from the source of direct-current with tension 27 V and by a consumable current to 0,5 A.
For the decline of noises of resonance фотоприемных devices on the basis of semicoaxial resonator with taken away from his volume of photomultiplier with transformation of twofrequency laser bunches on a фотокатоде in microwaves the field and increases of exactness of measurings of laser bunches in NSC «Institute of metrology» autogenerator photodetectores [5][6] were created, one of which is rotined on Figure4.
Figure4.The autogenerator photodetector for the laser standard of reproducing of length.
In works [5,7] autogenerator photodetectores are investigational in theory and experimentally.There are of interest autogenerator photodetectores with the reflectorabsorbers of the field (Figure5 and Figure6).On Figure8 distributing of electric potential is presented in PKR and out-of-limit cylindrical resonators with built-in photomultiplier at presence of in a center PKR of cylindrical explorer by the radius of 2 mm and height 5 mm, and by focons from quartz glass.The got results testify that introduction of cylindrical body from an ideally conducting metal in a center PKR and application of reflector-absorbers-focons from quartz glass allowed to form a necessary structure electric components of the electromagnetic field in the area of transformation of laser radiation in photomultiplier (Figure 8) with maximal in size Ez-component.The calculations of Ez-and Er-component of electric-field were also conducted for focons-reflector-absorbers, made from quartz glasses of C40-1 with ε = 5 and C63-1 with ε = 14 with the purpose of increase of relation of Ez/Er in the area of transformation.It should be noted that for C40-1 this relation is equal 16, and for C63-1 -100.
Created low-noise helium-neon laser with microwave excitation and autogenerator photodetector on the basis of microwave semicoaxial resonator with the reflectorabsorber of the electromagnetic field and focons concentrating laser bunches in the area of their double heterodyning in photomultiplier allowed to develop the laser standard of length (Figure9), the flow diagram of which is resulted on Figure10.

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Model of helium-neon laser for electrodynamic researches

•
calculation resonance frequency of 4,96•10 8 Hz; DOI: 10.1051/ C Owned by the authors, published by EDP Sciences, distributing transversal electric component of the field of E r , E φ (Figure3) into a quartz tube with the internal capillary of 6 mm; • the optimum width of metallic strip at 2r s = 6 mm is equal 2,25 mm (2φ 0 = 45°).

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. Distributing transversal electric component of the microwave field in the crossrunner of laser active element.

Figure 5 .Figure 6 .
Figure 5. Section of PKR with the reflector-absorbers of the field

Figure 7 .
Figure 7. Distributing of electric potential of the electromagnetic field with focons (r 1 = 1 mm) from quartz glass.

Figure 8 .
Figure 8. Distributing of electric potential of the electromagnetic field at presence of reflector-absorber (r 2 = 5 mm) with focons from quartz glass

Figure10.
Figure10.The flow diagram of laser standard of reproducing of length in a range from 1 to 10 3 m.